We report two cases of male monkeypox patients in a homosexual partnership, and both of them were infected with HIV. Both patients had typical skin lesions, high fever, a history of unprotected sex with men, and positivity of MPXV-qPCR.

Rosacea is a chronic recurrent inflammatory skin disease. With the development of the pathogenesis of rosacea, some new therapeutic methods have been used in treating clinic, including drug of antimicrobials, antimalarials, ROS inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, biologics, photoelectric therapy of radiofrequency therapy, 577nm near-yellow laser, ALA-PDT, ultrasound, injection therapy of botox and platelet, and dietary therapy. The new treatment methods in the past five years are reviwed in this paper.

Sweet syndrome (SS) is an inflammatory neutrophilic dermatosis of unknown etiology, which is associated with infections, drugs, tumors and autoimmune diseases. The pathogenesis involves neutrophil dysfunction, immune imbalance and genetic factors. Traditional first-line treatment is preferred to the systematic application of glucocorticoids. In recent years, as the research of SS has made some progress, biologics and small molecule targeted drugs have also been reported to treat SS successfully. The pathogenesis and therapeutic progress of SS are reviewed in this paper.

Objective: To access the clinical effect of combined therapy on androgenic alopecia. Methods: Sixty male patients with androgen alopecia were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. Patients in the control group were treated with finasteride tablets, 1 mg, methylprednisolone tablets 4 mg, doxycycline hydrochloride tablets 100 mg, twice daily, and minoxidil tincture twice daily, selenium disulfide lotion, twice a week. The patients in the treatment group were given additional intradermal injection of diprospan mixed with 2% lidocaine, once a month. 1 month was 1 course of treatment, and the patients were treated for a total of 3 courses. Results: The effective rate of the treatment group was 76.67% , which was higher than that of the control group (50.00%) . The scores of scalp itching, greasy, alopecia and scaly in the two groups were obviously decreased, and the treatment group was obviously better than the control group. No obvious adverse reaction was found in the two groups during the treatment. Conclusions: The multi-center study on comprehensive treatment of androgenic alopecia is effective.

It was previously reported that 82% of the patients with severe monkeypox were HIV infected, and there were also reports that immunocompromised HIV patients died after being infected with the monkeypox virus. This paper reported a case of monkeypox complicated with AIDS, syphilis and local bacterial infection. The patient had poor compliance with ART antiviral therapy, and high HIV viral load, and low immune function. After being infected with monkeypox virus, typical features such as rash, fever, and local lymphadenopathy appeared, and the hospital stay was longer than the average hospital stay of monkeypox in the region. Therefore, patients with low immune function had serious condition, and the hospital stay was longer, which should be paid enough attention to.

In recent years, more studies have shown that JAK-STAT signaling pathway plays an important role in the immune pathogenesis of vitiligo, and JAK inhibitors based on this pathway have shown a strong therapeutic prospect in the treatment of vitiligo. The update of the mechanism, clinical efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors of vitiligo in recent years are reviewed in this paper.

The itching caused by primary cuticular amyloidosis (PCA) is unbearable, and the response to the treatment is currently poor, which greatly affected the patient's quality of life. In recent years, it has been found that the significant therapeutic effects by systemic use of system dupilumab, upadacitinib, baricitinib, and abrocitinib, as well as local use of tranexamic acid, gabapentin, dimethyl sulfoxide solution, fire needle therapy, and lattice carbon dioxide laser. The update of the treatment of PCA is reviewed in this paper to provide reference for clinical practice.

Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is a chronic recurrent disease confined to the palmoplantar region, and there is no uniform standard of treatment. Targeted drugs and emerging drugs have been carried out in several clinical trials and case series studies. This paper reviews the progress of clinical research on PPP-related biologics and small molecule targeted drugs to provide a reference for further clinical treatment and related drug development.

A 21-year-old man had a history of high-risk homosexual activity 10 days earlier. He got a fever 4 days ago and ulcers and itching around the anus 3 days ago. Skin examination revealed multiple ulcerated surfaces around the anus. He was infected by HIV two years ago. Laboratory examination showed that monkeypox virus nucleic acid test was positive at surface of ulcers. The case was diagnosed with monkeypox.

Objective: To investigate the global disease burden and epidemiological characteristics of urticaria from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Disease database 2019, we analyzed the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), prevalence rate (ASPR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) of urticaria from 1990 to 2019 according to the year, sex, age, social index (SDI), the national population and the association between national GDP per capita and disease burden of urticaria was analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The ASIR, ASPR and ASDR of urticaria in females were significantly higher than those in males. The ASIR, ASPR and ASDR of urticaria in children under 5 years old were the highest, and those over 95 years old were the lowest. The burden of urticaria in SDI lower region was higher than high index areas. The first three countries with the highest burden of urticaria in 2019 were Nepal, Poland and Pakistan. National GDP per capita was negatively correlated with ASIR, ASPR and ASDR. Conclusion: Regions and countries with lower levels of development, as well as women and children, have a relatively high burden of urticaria disease.

Lichenoid planus pemphigoid is a rare acquired autoimmune skin disease, which belongs to a special type of lichen planus, and is characterized by histopathology. We report a case of lichen planus pemphigoid treated with the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib. The patient's pruritus subsided and the papules were significantly flattened after one week of treatment, and there was no new skin lesions during a one-month follow-up.

Prurigo nodularis is an inflammatory skin disease and the incidence has been on the rise in recent years. The etiology and pathogenesis are complicated and unclear. The endogenous risk factors of prurigo nodularis, such as genetic factor, psychiatric factor and other skin diseases and exogenous factors such as infection and drugs were reporterd in recent years. The advances in the epidemiology and risk factors of prurigo nodularis is summarized in this review.

A 29-year-old male presented with painful herpes in the penis for 4 days. Physical examination showed genital and perianal herpes, with itching, pain, and swollen lymph nodes in the groin. The patient's throat swab, herpes smear and blood samples were positive for monkeypox virus nucleic acid. The patient had a history of MSM 3 weeks before onset of illness. The diagnosis of monkeypox was made. The patient was transferred to a designated infectious disease hospital for treatment.

A 45-year-old male presented with scalp papules, nodules, abscesses, and recurrent ulceration accompanied by pain for 5 years. He was diagnosed with perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens. After an unsatisfactory response to conventional treatment, the patient was treated with adalimumab. After four and a half months of treatment, significant alleviation of pain, shrinkage of nodules, resolution of inflammation, and reduction or cessation of purulent discharge were observed. The patient is currently undergoing continuous treatment and follow-up. Some literature has reported on the clinical efficacy of TNF-α inhibitors in treating PCAS. This paper conducts a retrospective analysis of the treatment of the present case and previous literature.

Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles ranging in size from 30-150nm and containing proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other substances. They are a crucial factor involved in the maintenance of skin immune homeostasis and pathologic changes, regulating the onset and development of inflammatory skin diseases. In this paper, we review the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of related inflammatory skin diseases and explores the value of exosomes in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

The clinical symptoms and laboratory examination data of 7 monkeypox patients admitted to Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital from July to December 2023 were analyzed. The sample of rash and throat swab were positive for monkeypox virus in 7 patients. All the 7 monkeypox patients were MSM, aged from 26 to 41 years old. All patients had a history of MSM within 21 days before the onset of the disease. Six patients had the first rash on the pubic mound or genital area, and 1 patient had the first rash around the mouth and anal area. Fever occurred in 6 cases and 6 cases were accompanied by other sexually transmitted diseases. All cases were found voluntarily.

The pathogenesis of vitiligo is complex, with many influencing factors, and has not been fully clarified. Therefore, the application of vitiligo experimental model is of great significance for the in-depth study of its pathogenesis and the development of new drugs and treatments. Animal models and cell models are used in vitiligo research. The most common vitiligo animal models include spontaneous vitiligo model and induced vitiligo model, cell models are divided into cell lines and induced pluripotent stem cells. This paper reviews the vitiligo experimental model research progress in recent five years.

Tofacitinib is a commonly used JAK inhibitor, which is approved in China for the treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Although the use of tofacitinib in dermatology is still off-label, an increasing number of studies have shown its therapeutic effects on various skin diseases such as psoriasis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, and autoimmune bullous diseases. The mechanism of action, efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in the treatment of skin diseases is reviewed in this paper to provide reference for clinical treatment.

Objective: To promote safe upadacitinib prescribing by mining and evaluating the upadacitinib adverse reaction events(ADE) signals from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Methods: In the FAERS, “upadacitinib” was used as a search term to screen ADEs. ADE signals were collected from August 2019 to March 2023 and were detected. The analysis method included four algorithms of reporting odd ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), bayesian configuration promotion neural network (BCPNN), and multi item gamma poisson shrinker (MGPS). ADE reports were described and classified according to the System Organ Class (SOC) and Preferred Term (PT) in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (version 24.0). Results: 21 213 ADEs were collected with an upward trend, including 245 cases of tumor and 78 cases of thrombosis. A total of 357 ADE signals were obtained by four methods. The top signal intensities were rheumatoid factor positive, pelvic floor muscle weakness, eczema herpeticum, spinal cord infection, oral lichen planus, of which rheumatoid factor positive, pelvic floor muscle weakness, spinal cord infection, oral lichen planus were not included in the package insert. Reported multiple ADE signals mainly involved arthralgia, novel coronavirus infection, nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, of which arthralgia, novel coronavirus infection,  urinary tract infection were not included in the package insert. The ADE signal involved in 15 SOCs, mainly were infections (5490 cases, 37.57%), musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases (3370 cases, 23.06%). Conclusion: Our research has found new significant ADE signals of upadacitinib such as in COVID-19 and urinary tract infection, etc. In addition, the risk of malignant tumor and thrombosis can not be ignored.

We report a case of palmoplantar pustulosis successfully treated with abrocitinib and review the related literature. The patient presented with repeated pustules, desquamation and pruritus on both hands and feet for 1 year. The patient had a poor response to eculizumab and was switched to abrocitinib 100 mg once daily. The skin lesions subsided after 3 months of treatment, and there was no recurrence during the follow-up of half a year.

Objective: To evaluate efficacy and safety of abrocitinib and dupilumab in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: The clinical data of 104 patients with moderate and severe AD who were admitted to dermatology department of our hospital from January to June 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Fifty-one patients (group A) received abrocitinib 200 mg/day orally, and 53 patients (group D) received subcutaneous dupilumab 300 mg every two weeks (baseline load dose 600 mg). The treatment period was 24 weeks. EASI scores, dermatological life quality index (DLQI) and numeric rating scale for pruritus (P-NRS) were analyzed at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 weeks after treatment. Serum total IgE levels and eosinophilic counts were analyzed at week 0, week 8, week 16 and week 24 after treatment. Treatment-emergent adverse events were analyzed. Results: After treatment, EASI, P-NRS and DLQI levels in group A and Group D were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment, with significant differences (Ps<0.05). Compared with group D, EASI, P-NRS and DLQI levels in group A were more significantly decreased. With the extension of treatment course, the serum total IgE level and eosinophils count showed a gradually decreasing trend between the two groups, with no significant difference (Ps>0.05). The incidence of conjunctivitis in group D was significantly higher than that in group A, with a significant difference (P<0.05). The incidence of nausea in group A was significantly higher than that in group D, with a significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both abrocitinib and dupilumab can significantly relieve pruritis and improve quality of life in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis at 24 weeks after treatment, but abrocitinib is more effective in relieving pruritis. Both abrocitinib and dupilumab have high safety, but require attention for gastrointestinal symptoms and conjunctivitis, respectively.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of monkeypox patients in Nanning, Guangxi. Methods: The data of 33 patients with monkeypox admitted to our hospital from July 2023 to March 2024 were analyzed retrospectively, including demographic characteristics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, etc. Results: All 33 patients were male and positive for monkeypox virus by PCR. 29 patients were men who have sex with men. The main symptoms were papulovesicle (100%), fever (57.58%), pruritus (42.42%). The rashes were mainly on the anus, perineum and genitals (81.82%), trunk and limbs (51.52%), head and face (21.21%). Among the 22 hospitalized monkeypox patients, 14 were positive for HIV. There were no statistically significant differences between the HIV-positive patients and HIV-negative patients in monkeypox virus CT value (herpes fluid), rash crust-time, and length of hospital stay. Conclusion: The monkeypox infected population in Nanning area of Guangxi is mainly MSM, and the rashes were mainly on the anus, perineum and genitalia. The severity of monkeypox was similar HIV-positive patients and HIV-negative patients.

Bullous scabies (BS) is a rare clinical manifestation of scabies that is easily misdiagnosed. In this paper, we report three patients with BS who were previously misdiagnosed and search the related literature in Wanfang and PubMed database, then analyze the demographic information, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, pathological characteristics, and treatment of the disease. It is found that BS is more common in the elderly population and male patients, about one third of the patients had a history of misdiagnosis, and three quarters of the patients had no remission or further progression after receiving glucocorticoid treatment. It is suggested that dermatologists should improve their understanding and diagnosis of this disease and the treatment should be cautious with the use of glucocorticoids.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of Janus kinase inhibitor(abrocitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib) in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Methods: Systematic search of the databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI and VIP for randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of the above three drugs in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis from the time of construction until March 2023. Network Meta-analysis was performed in Stata14.0 and R4.3.2 software, and statistical analysis was performed using relative risk and 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 17 randomized controlled trials involving 8807 AD patients were included. The results of network meta-analysis showed that the three drugs could improve the symptoms of patients with atopic dermatitis, and the cumulative ranking probability showed that upadacitinib 30 mg had the best efficacy, followed by 15 mg of upadacitinib and 200 mg of abrocitinib. And the proportion of patients achieving EASI-75, vIGA-AD 0/1 improvement and other efficacy evaluation indicators was significantly higher than that of placebo group. However, compared with baricitinib, abrocitinib and upadacitinib cause more treatment-induced adverse events (TEAE). Conclusion: Different doses of abrocitinib, baricitinib and upadacitinib are safe and effective in the treatment of adult and adolescent atopic dermatitis. The 30 mg dose of upadacitinib have a higher short-term efficacy, it is also necessary to pay attention to the possible risk of adverse reactions.

There is currently no standard treatment for palmoplantar pustulosis. Traditional treatments for palmoplantar pustulosis include oral acitretin A, cyclosporine A, and methotrexate, which are often limited due to their adverse effects. In addition to traditional topical drugs, physiotherapy and systemic drugs, new treatments such as biologics and small molecule drugs have recently emerged. This paper reports a case of off-label treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis with apremilast, which achieved satisfactory results.

Hydroxychloroquine（HCQ） is a drug widely used to treat malaria and autoimmune diseases, and has recently been used to treat rosacea and could be promoted for use in female patients due to its pregnancy safety. Three cases of lip mucosal hyperpigmentation after oral hydroxychloroquine administration in patients with rosacea is reported, with no adverse effects other than hyperpigmentation, and relief of rosacea lesions after treatment. After discontinuing hydroxychloroquine, a patient' lip mucosal hyperpigmentation slightly decreased. 

Urticaria is a disease characterized by recurring itchy wheals and angioedema or both. Degranulation of mast cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of urticaria, which increases the release of histamine, various cytokines and inflammatory mediators, and leads to the vasodilation, increased permeability, cell recruitment and pruritus.In this article, we review the influencing factors of skin mast cell degranulation from the extracellular substance, receptors on mast cell surface, and intracellular signal pathways.

Spitzoid melanoma is a rare malignant melanoma, and its differentiation from Spitz nevus is a big challenge in clinical dermatopathology. The patient had a slowly growing mass on the medial skin of the right ankle joint for more than 2 years, with later surface rupture. According to the clinical manifestation, pathology, immunohistochemical staining, and detection of FISH, the diagnosis of spitzoid melanoma was made. The tumor was surgically removed and no recurrence or metastasis was found during the follow-up of 29 months.

Conventional treatment of lichen planus includes oral glucocorticosteroids, methotrexate, and Acitretin. The use of these drugs is often limited by their adverse effects. JAK inhibitors regulate immunity by inhibiting the JAK-STAT pathway and affecting the function of cytokines such as INF-γ. In this paper, we report two cases of effective cutaneous lichen planus treated with JAK1 inhibitor abrocitinib and review the relevant literature.

Objective: To determine the risk factors of female androgenetic alopecia (FAGA). Methods: The data of 225 non-pregnant and non-lactating females with FAGA from January 2017 to June 2022 in the hair clinic of our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The content of the analysis included clinical manifestations, concomitant diseases, lifestyle habits and laboratory indicators. Results: A retrospective analysis showed that  the disease began at adolescence in 73.78% patients. The width of the hair crack on the frontoparietal, occipital and temporal regions,, were significantly positively correlated with the Sinclair classification (Ps<0.001). The prevalence of vitamin D3 deficiency was high in this population, but there was no significant difference with disease severity, while vitamin B12 deficiency (P=0.003) and elevated triglycerides (P=0.016) were positively correlated with disease severity. At the same time, fatty liver was positive correlation with the severity of disease (P=0.001). Conclusion: The width of the hair crack is positively correlated with the overall severity of alopecia. Fatty liver, decreased vitamin B12 and increased triglyceride may be the related factors of FAGA exacerbation.

Hornet stings are relatively common in clinical work, and the clinical manifestations of patients may only show localized swelling and pain, but some patients also experience multiple organ failure. Therefore, timely identification and early treatment of critically ill patients with hornet stings are of great clinical significance. We firstly reviewed the clinical data of five patients with hornet stings, and summarized the clinical manifestations of patients after hornet stings in this paper, then analyzed the risk factors of critical condition to provide clinical references.

Cold atmospheric plasma is an emerging therapeutic modality. It can induce various biomedical effects and is highly safe, which has attracted a lot of interest in the medical field. Cold atmospheric plasma has the potential to kill bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, making it a promising treatment for infectious skin disease. This paper summarizes the mechanisms of cold atmospheric plasma sterilization and application in infectious skin disease.

Skin organoids are in vitro models equivalent to the structure and function of the skin. Recent study has shown that skin organoids can be applied to investigate the pathogenesis of cutaneous diseases, drug screening, and wound repair. This review aims to summarize current study on the construction of skin organoids, their application on skin diseases and regenerative medicine.

Norwegian scabies (NS) is a rare and serious variant of scabies. We report an elderly male with Parkinson's disease and diabetes mellitus combined with Norwegian scabies in poor general condition. The patient presented with erythema and papules all over the body, with diffuse thick white scales and crusts for more than 2 months. Sarcoptic mite was detected by a dander microscope and the diagnosis of Norwegian scabies was made.

Granular parakeratosis (GP) is rare and easy to be misdiagnosed. We report 4 cases of granular GP caused by clothing disinfectant. The skin lesions of 3 patients subsided after stopping contact with disinfectants and systemic use of emollients, and 1 patient improved significantly after oral glucocorticoids. Dermatologists should strengthen the awareness of diagnosis and treatment of GP with symmetrically erythema with repeated desquamation, take a complete history of exposure to disinfectants, instruct patients to promptly stop using the disinfectants and consider short-term systemic use of glucocorticoids according to the condition.

Objective: To understand the demographic characteristics of HIV/AIDS cases among dermatological and sexually transmitted disease(STD) clinic attendees, and to provide reference for the formulation of HIV screening strategies. Methods: The data of HIV/AIDS cases from March 2018 to October 2023 in a dermatological hospital was collected, and their demographic characteristics, concomitant diseases and detection methods were analyzed through the frequency and general descriptive statistical analysis. Results: Among the 82 HIV-infected/AIDS patients, 80 were male and 2 were female, aged from 17 to 71 years old, with an average age of 37.40±12.28 years old, and 55 cases were single, and 56 had a college education or above. There were 48 cases in other cities of the province and 12 cases in other provinces, and 60 were from other cities. Seventy-six were men who had sex with men, 56 patients were identified by visiting for skin symptoms, 26 were identified by active physical examination due to high-risk sexual behavior or had STDs, 71 were identified in STD clinic. Conclusion: The features of HIV/AIDS cases in dermatological and STD clinic attendees are male, sexually active, single, with low education level, and non-native. HIV screening among clinic attendees with high risk sexual behaviors and skin or STD symptoms should be strengthened.

Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants are the main treatment modalities for bullous pemphigoid (BP). However, long-term use of these drugs can cause serious side effects, and the recurrence rate remains high. With the research on disease-modifying of BP, the targeted therapy of BP has received great attention, the more and more new drugs have been applied in clinic. Based on the relevant research on disease modification of BP, this paper reviews the current research progress of new target drugs of BP. 

Objective: To compare the adverse effects following long-term (above 12 weeks) use of conventional immunosuppressive agents. Methods: The data of the patients with prolonged (more than 12 weeks) use of methotrexate (MTX), cyclophosphamide (CTX), cyclosporine (CsA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and thalidomide (THD) with complete laboratory examination from January 2019 to October 2023, and their routine blood, liver function and renal function laboratory tests were retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 1507 patients using conventional immunosuppressants were analyzed, including 1142 using MTX, 135 using cyclophosphamide CTX, 67 using cyclosporine CsA, 66 using mycophenolate mofetil MMF, 97 using thalidomide THD, and the incidence of the adverse effects were 38.18%, 56.30%, 44.30%, 27.27%, 22.39%, The most common adverse reactions were liver function injury (24.22%), renal function injury (12.61%) and myelosuppression (9.69%). And there was a correlation between the duration of patient use and the incidence of adverse events with traditional immunosuppressive agents. Conclusion: Prolonged use of conventional immunosuppressive agents can lead to the development of adverse reactions, most commonly with the drug CTX, and therefore patients on long-term CTX should be monitored regularly. 

Objective: To analyze clinical and histopathological features of connective tissue nevi in children. Methods: Clinical data were collected of connective tissue nevi in Capital Institute of Pediatrics from March 2018 to March 2022, and analyzed retrospectively. Results: The data of 7 children were analyzed, including 5 males and 2 females. The average age at the clinic visit was 6.7 years. The average onset age was 2.8 years. The average duration of lesion was 4 years. Four children's lesions were on the thigh. The other 3 were respectively on the lumbar region, buttock, lumbar region and bottock. The clinical manifestation of the lesions were plaques, 4 were pigmented, 3 were depigmented. Except 1 child was diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis, the 6 children were without other organ involvement. There were 6 collagen type, and the child with tuberous sclerosis refused the test. Six children were acquired type, 1 was hereditary type. Conclusion: The average onset age of children with connective tissue nevi was as early as 2.8 years old. It is common in the lumbosacral and thigh, presenting as tough plaques. It may be related to the early diagnosis and short course of the disease, the skin lesions did not develop into obvious nodules. Very few have family history, and most of them are acquired type. They were mainly collagen type. The CTN children with othe organ involvement need to be ruled out certain syndrome.

The characteristic manifestation of superficial infection by Mycobacterium marinum (M.marinum) shows skin infectious granuloma. Antibiotics are considered as the primary choice for the treatment for patients with M.marinum skin infections. This article presents a case of cutaneous M.marinum infection with antibiotic intolerance, which was successfully treated using the combination of photodynamic therapy and pulsed laser.